Historic publications in electrochemistry

Revision date: September 5, 2014.

This compilation contains more than 100 links to historic publications in electrochemistry available on the Internet. Publications reporting the discovery of a new scientific phenomenon or a new technology. (Some of the available files are large and will load slowly. Also, there is a presently unexplained problem with some files on some browsers, giving a network error indication. If this happens, repeatedly click on �reload� and force the file to new pages, it will load eventually. Please let me know if you have serious problems.)

Additions and corrections are welcome, send them to: nagyz@email.unc.edu.

See also a listing of websites on the history of electrochemistry (http://knowledge.electrochem.org/estir/inet.htm#hist).

Many electrochemistry books published between the 1700's and 1950 (some more historical than others) are now also available on the Internet.
(http://knowledge.electrochem.org/estir/old-books.htm)

NOTE:
On all files the address of ESTIR is given as:
http://electrochem.cwru.edu/estir/
THIS IS INCORRECT, but it would be too much work to change 100+ files.
THE CORRECT ADDRESS IS:
knowledge.electrochem.org/estir/

The first observation and measurements of the �electrolytic (ionic) conduction� of electricity by Cavendish

• An Account of Some Attempts to Imitate the Effects of the Torpedo by Electricity
  Henry Cavendish, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 66, pp 196-225, 1776.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-85-Cavendish.pdf)

The discovery of �passivity� of iron by Keir

• Experiments and Observations on the Dissolution of Metals in Acids, and Their Precipitations; with an Account of a New Compound Acid Menstruum, Useful in Some Technical Operations of Parting Metals
  James Keir, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 80, pp 359-384, 1790.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-11-Keir.pdf)
  

The discovery of �animal electricity� by Galvani

• De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius (large file, loads slowly)
  Aloysii Galvani, Reprint of the original publication that appeared in De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituto atque Academia Commentarii, Vol. 7, pp 363-415, 1791.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-52-Galvani-2.pdf)

• Commentary on the effects of electricity on muscular motion (download   or   read online)
  Luigi Galvani, An English translation
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-51-Galvani-1-dl.pdf
  http://www.archive.org/stream/commentaryonthee002243mbp#page/n45/mode/2up)
  

The first battery, the "Volta pile"

• On the Electricity Excited by the Mere Contact of Conducting Substances of Different Kinds (in French)
  Alessandro Volta, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 90, pp 403-431, 1800.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-01-Volta-1.pdf)
  An English abstract is also available
  Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 1, pp 27-29, 1800�1814.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-20-Volta-2.pdf)
  A partial English translation is also available
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-37-Volta-source-3.htm)

The first �electrolytic decomposition of water� (using the Volta pile) by Nicholson and Carlisle

• Account of the new Electrical or Galvanic Apparatus of Alessandro Volta and Experiments performed with the same (download   or   read online)
  William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle, Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts, Vol. 4, pp 179-187, 1801.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-38-Nicholson-dl.pdf
  http://www.archive.org/stream/ajournalnatural10nichgoog#page/n201/mode/1up)

The discovery of �electroplating� by Brugnatelli

• Electrodeposition of metals in rough (dendritic/mossy) form was observed as early 1800 and published in 1801. See the Nicholson-Carlisle paper (on water electrolysis) above; and also by William Cruickshank, at the same link as the Nicholson-Carlisle paper, starting at pages 187 and 254.

• Galvanisme
  Luigi Vincenzo Brugnatelli, Journal de chimie et de physique, ou recueil p�riodique des d�couvertes dans les sciences chimiques et physiques, tant en France que chez l'etranger, Vol. 5, pp 357-358, 1803.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-106-Brugnatelli-1.pdf)

• Galvanism (an English translation)
  Luigi Vincenzo Brugnatelli, The Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 21, p 187, 1805.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-36-Brugnatelli.pdf)

• See also The early history of gold plating (large file, loads slowly)
  L. B. Hunt, Gold Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp 16-27, 1973.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-103-Brugnatelli-Hunt.pdf)

The discovery and electrolytic preparation of �alkali metals� by Davy

• The Bakerian Lecture: On Some New Phenomena of Chemical Changes Produced by Electricity, Particularly the Decomposition of the Fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of the New Substances Which Constitute Their Bases; And on the General Nature of Alkaline Bodies
  Humphry Davy, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 98, pp 1-44, 1808.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-02-Davy-1.pdf)

The invention of �sacrificial cathodic corrosion protection� by Davy

• On the Corrosion of Copper Sheeting by Sea Water, and on Methods of Preventing This Effect; And on Their Application to Ships of War and Other Ships
  Humphry Davy, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 114, pp 151-158, 1824.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-03-Davy-2.pdf)

The discovery of "Faraday's Laws of electrolysis" and evidence for the "chemical theory" of Volta's pile

• Experimental Researches in Electricity, Third Series. §. 7. Identity of Electricities derived from different sources. §. 8. Relation by measure of common and voltaic Electricity.
  Michael Faraday, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 123, pp 23-54, 1833.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-04-Faraday-3.pdf)

• Experimental Researches in Electricity, Fifth Series. §. 11. On Electro-chemical Decomposition. ¶ i. New conditions of Electro-chemical Decomposition. ¶ ii. Influence of Water in Electro-chemical Decomposition. ¶ iii. Theory of Electro-chemical Decomposition.
  Michael Faraday, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 123, pp 675-710, 1833.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-05-Faraday-5.pdf)

• Experimental Researches in Electricity, Seventh Series. §. 11. On Electro-chemical Decomposition, continued. ¶ iv. On some general conditions of Electro-decomposition. ¶ v. On a new Measurer of Volta-electricity. ¶ vi. On the primitive or secondary character of bodies evolved in Electro-decomposition. ¶ vii. On the definite nature and extent of Electro-chemical Decompositions. § 13. On the absolute quantity of Electricity associated with the particles or atoms of Matter.
  Michael Faraday, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, pp 77-122, 1834.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-06-Faraday-7.pdf)

• Experimental Researches in Electricity, Eighth Series. §. 14. On the Electricity of the Voltaic Pile; its source, quantity, intensity, and general characters. ¶ i. On simple Voltaic Circles. ¶ ii. On the intensity necessary for Electrolyzation. ¶ iii. On associated Voltaic Circles, or the Voltaic Battery. ¶ iv. On the resistance of an Electrolyte to Electrolytic action. ¶ v. General remarks on the active Voltaic Battery.
  Michael Faraday, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, pp 425-470, 1834.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-07-Faraday-8.pdf)

• Experimental Researches in Electricity, Tenth Series. §. 16. On an improved form of the Voltaic Battery. §. 17. Some practical results respecting the construction and use of the Voltaic Battery.
  Michael Faraday, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 125, pp 263-274, 1835.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-08-Faraday-10.pdf)

• The complete Experimental Researches in Electricity, Series 1 through 14, (published originally in the Philosophical Transactions, 1832-1838) was reprinted and published in a book form by Faraday in 1839. The second edition of that book is available at:
  Experimental Researches in Electricity, (Vol. 1, 2^nd ed) Michael Faraday, Richard and John Edward Taylor, London, 1849.
  (http://www.archive.org/details/experimentalrese14986gut)

The invention of �electroforming or electrotyping� by De la Rue and by Jacobi

• On Voltaic Electricity, and on the effects of a Battery charged with Sulphate of Copper
  Warren De la Rue, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 3, Vol. 9, pp 484-487, 1836.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-26-Rue.pdf)

• On the Method of producing Copies of engraved Copper-plates by Voltaic Action;�
  Moritz Hermann Jacobi, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 3, Vol. 15, pp 161-165, 1839.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-27-Jacobi.pdf)

• See also The early history of gold plating (large file, loads slowly)
  L. B. Hunt, Gold Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp 16-27, 1973.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-103-Brugnatelli-Hunt.pdf)

The �Daniell cell,� the first practical and widely-used laboratory power source after the Volta pile

• On Voltaic Combinations
  John Frederick Daniell, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 126, pp 107-124, 1836.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-18-Daniell-1.pdf)

• Fifth Letter on Voltaic Combinations, with some Account of the Effects of a large Constant Battery
  John Frederick Daniell, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 129, pp 89-95, 1839.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-19-Daniell-2.pdf)

The discovery of �photoelectrochemical effect� by Becquerel

• M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l'influence des rayons solaires (download   or   read online)
  Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, Comptes rendu des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences, Paris, Vol. 9, pp 561�567, 1839.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-102-Becquerel-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2968p/f561.chemindefer)

The first observation of �hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell� effect by Schoenbein and by Grove

• On the Voltaic Polarization of Certain Solid and Fluid Substances
  Christian Friedrich Schoenbein, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 3, Vol. 14, pp 43-45, 1839.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-14-Schoenbein.pdf)

• On Voltaic Series and the Combination of Gases by Platinum
  William Robert Grove, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 3, Vol. 14, pp 127-130, 1839.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-15-Grove-1.pdf)

• On the Polarized Condition of Platina Electrodes, and the Theory of Secondary Piles
  William Robert Grove, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 3, Vol. 14, pp 446-449, 1839.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-24-Grove-2.pdf)

• On a Gaseous Voltaic Battery
  William Robert Grove, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 3, Vol. 21, pp 417-420, 1842.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-98-Grove-3.pdf)

The first electrolytic preparation of �magnesium� by Bunsen

• Darstellung des Magnesiums auf electrolytischem Wege (download   or   read online)
  Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, Vol. 82, (New Series, Vol. 6) pp 137-145, 1852.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-40-Bunsen-1-dl.pdf
  http://www.archive.org/stream/annalenderchemi39liebgoog#page/n535/mode/1up)

The discovery and first measurements of �transference number� by Hittorf

• Ueber die Wanderungen der Ionen w�hrend der Elektrolyse (download   or   read online)
  Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vol. 165, (Ser. 2, Vol. 89) pp 177-211, 1853.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-86-Hittorf-1-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151746/f191.image.langEN)

• Ueber die Wanderungen der Ionen w�hrend der Elektrolyse (Zweite Mitthellung) (download   or   read online)
  Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vol. 174, (Ser. 2, Vol. 98) pp 1-33, 1856.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-87-Hittorf-2-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151835/f13.image.pagination.langEN)

• Ueber die Wanderungen der Ionen w�hrend der Elektrolyse (Schluss) (download   or   read online)
  Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vol. 182, (Ser. 2, Vol. 106) pp 513-586, 1859.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-88-Hittorf-3-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15191s/f525.image.langEN)

The concept and model of the double layer on the interfaces of colloidal suspensions (subsequently extended to surfaces of metal electrodes, and it is known today as the "Helmholtz layer")

• Ueber einige Gesetze der Vertheilung elektrischer Str�me in k�rperlichen Leitern mit Anwendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen Versuche (download   or   read online)
  Hermann Helmholtz, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Leipzig, Vol. 165, (Ser. 2, Vol. 89, Ser. 3, Vol. 29} pp 211-233, 1853.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-42-Helmholtz-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151746.image.r=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie.f225.langEN)

The first electrolytic preparation of �aluminum� by Bunsen and by Deville

• Notiz �ber elektrolytische Gewinnung der Erd- und Alkalimetalle (download   or   read online)
  Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Leipzig, Vol. 168, (Ser. 2, Vol. 92, Ser. 4, Vol. 2) pp 648-651, 1854.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-41-Bunsen-2-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151777.image.r=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie.f664.langEN)

• Recherches sur les m�taux, et en particulier sur l'aluminium et sur une nouvelle forme du silicium (download   or   read online)
  Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, Annales de chimie et de physique, Ser. 3 Vol. 43. pp 5-36, 1855.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-64-Deville-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34784b.image.r=Annales+de+chimie+et+de+physique.f4.langEN.pagination)

The first electrolytic preparation of �fluorine� by Fr�my

• Recherches sur les Fluorures (download   or   read online)
  Edmond Fr�my, Annales de chimie et de physique, Ser. 3, Vol. 47, pp 5-50, 1856.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-43-Fremy-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34788q.image.r=Annales+de+chimie+et+de+physique.f4.langEN)

The invention of �lead � lead oxide cell� by Plant�. This was the basis for the first commercial �lead-acid battery (secondary cell)�

• Note sur la polarisation voltaique (download   or   read online)
  Raymond Gaston Plant�, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences, Paris, Vol. 49, pp 402-405, 1859.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-44-Plante-1-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3006f.image.r=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l.f404.langEN)

• Nouvelle pile secondaire d�une grande puissance (download   or   read online)
  Raymond Gaston Plant�, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences, Paris, Vol. 50, pp 640-642, 1860.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-45-Plante-2-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3007r.image.r=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l.f652.langEN)

The discovery of �conducting polymers� by Letheby

• On the Production of a Blue Substance by the Electrolysis of Sulphate of Aniline
  H. Letheby, Journal of the Chemical Society, Vol. 15, pp 161-163, 1862.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-109-Letheby.pdf)

The invention of �capillary electrometer�, used extensively in double-layer research, by Lippmann

• Beziehungen zwischen den capillaren und elektrischen Erscheinungen (download   or   read online)
  Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Leipzig, Vol. 225, (Ser.2, Vol. 149, Ser. 5, Vol. 29) pp 546-561, 1873.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-67-Lippmann-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15233w/f580.image.pagination.r=Annalen%20der%20Physik.langEN)

The invention of �Leclanch� cell�. This was the basis for the first commercial �dry-cell�

• Georges Leclanch�, French Patents, No. 69,980 and 71,865, 1866.

• Nouvelle pile au peroxyde de mangan�se (download   or   read online)
  Georges Leclanch�, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences, Paris, Vol. 83, pp 54-56, 1876.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-46-Leclanche-1-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3040p.image.r=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l.f54.langEN)

• M�thode pratique pour exp�rimenter un �l�ment de pile (download   or   read online)
  Georges Leclanch�, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences, Paris, Vol. 83, pp 1236-1238, 1876.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-47-Leclanche-2-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3040p.image.r=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l.f1230.langEN)

The discovery of �ionic dissociation� by Arrhenius, for which he was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize

�ber die Dissociation der in Wasser gel�sten Stoffe
Svante August Arrhenius, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, St�chiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre, Vol. 1, pp 631-648, 1887.
(http:/estir/hist/hist-53-Arrhenius-1.pdf)
A partial English translation is also available (http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Arrhenius-dissociation.html)

The discovery of �liquid junction potential� by Nernst (1920 Nobel Prize Awardee)

• Zur Kinetik der in L�sung befindlichen K�rper (large file, loads slowly)
  Walther Hermann Nernst, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, St�chiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre, Vol. 2, pp 613-637, 1888.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-91-Nernst-2.pdf)

The invention of �Hall-H�roult� process for the electrolytic production of aluminum

• Process of preparing aluminium bronze and other alloys
  Paul Louis-Toussaint H�roult, US Patent, No. 387,876, 1888.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-63-Heroult.pdf)

• Process of reducing aluminium from its fluoride salts by electrolysis
  Charles Martin Hall, US Patent, No. 400,664, 1889.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-60-Hall-1.pdf)

• Process of electrolyzing fused salts of aluminium
  Charles Martin Hall, US Patent, No. 400,667, 1889.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-61-Hall-2.pdf)

• Process of reducing aluminium by electrolysis
  Charles Martin Hall, US Patent, No. 400,766, 1889.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-62-Hall-3.pdf)

The first, resonably practical "hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell" by Mond and Langer

• A New Form of Gas Battery
  Ludwig Mond and Carl Langer, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol 46, pp 296-304, 1889.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-10-Mond.pdf)

A very detailed �history of batteries� by Tommasi, covering the field from its earliest beginnings till almost the end of the 19^th century

• Trait� des piles �lectriques: piles hydro-�lectriques -- accumulateurs, piles thermo-�lectriques et pyro-�lectriques
  Donato Tommasi, Carr�, Paris, 1889.
  (http://www.archive.org/details/traitdespilesle00tommgoog)

The "Nernst equation� of electrode potential (1920 Nobel Prize Awardee)

• Die elektromotorische Wirksamkeit der Ionen
  Walther Hermann Nernst, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, St�chiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre, Vol. 4, pp 129-181, 1889.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-13-Nernst-1.pdf)

The �Weston standard cell�

• Voltaic cell
  Edward Weston, US Patent, No. 494,827, 1893.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-74-Weston.pdf)

Introduction of the concept of "fuel cells or cold combustion" by Ostwald (1909 Nobel Prize Awardee) to circumvent the thermodynamic limitation of heat engines by using a single-step conversion of the fuel's chemical energy into electrical energy

• Die wissentschaftliche Elektrochemie der Gegenwart und die Technische der Zukunft
  Wilhelm Ostwald, Zeitschrift f�r Elektrotechnik und Elektrochemie, Vol 1, pp 122-125, 1894.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-09-Ostwald-1.pdf)

A very detailed �history of electrochemistry� by Ostwald (1909 Nobel Prize Awardee), covering the field from its earliest beginnings till almost the end of the 19^th century

• Elektrochemie: Ihre Geschichte und Lehre
  Wilhelm Ostwald, Veit, Leipzig, 1896.
  (http://www.archive.org/details/elektrochemieih00ostwgoog)
  An English translation is available in hard copy form. Electrochemistry: history and theory (2 volumes), Translated by N. P. Date, Published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, by Amerind Publ. Co., New Delhi, 1980.

The first high precision �conductivity measurements� by Kohlrausch and by Washburn and Bell

• Das Leitverm�gen der Elektrolyte, insbesondere der L�sungen. Methoden, Resultate und chemische Anwendungen
  Friedrich Wilhem Georg Kohlrausch and Ludwig Friedrich Christian Holborn, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, 1898.
  (http://www.archive.org/details/dasleitvermgend00kohlgoog)

• Das Elektrische Leitverm�gen W�ssriger L�sungen von Alkali-Chloriden und Nitraten
  Friedrich Wilhem Georg Kohlrausch and M. E. Maltby, Wissentschaftliche Abhandlungen der Physikalisch-Technischen Reichanstalt, Vol. 3, pp 156-227, 1900.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-100-Kohlrausch-2.pdf)

• An Improved Apparatus for Measuring the Conductivity of Electrolytes
  E. W. Washburn and J. E. Bell, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 35, pp 177-184, 1913.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-96-Washburn.pdf)

The first use of the term �overpotential (�berspannung)� by Caspari

• �ber elektrolytische Gasentwickelung
  W. A. Caspari, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, St�chiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre, Vol. 30, pp 89-97, 1899.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-84-Caspari.pdf)

The �Tafel equation� of overpotential

• �ber die Polarisation bei kathodischer Wasserstoffentwicklung
  Julius Tafel, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, St�chiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre, Vol. 50, pp 641-712, 1905.
  (The theoretical part of the paper only. http:/estir/hist/hist-16-Tafel-1.pdf)

• Beziehungen zwischen Kathodenpotential und elektrolytischer Reduktionswirkung
  Julius Tafel and Kurt Naumann, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, St�chiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre, Vol. 50, pp 713-752, 1905.
  (The theoretical part of the paper only. http:/estir/hist/hist-17-Tafel-2.pdf)

The discovery of �glass electrode� for measurement of pH by Cremer and by Haber (1918 Nobel Prize Awardee) and Klemensiewicz

• �ber die Ursache der elektromotorischen Eigenschaften der Gewebe, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Lehre von den polyphasischen Elektrolytketten (large file, loads slowly)
  Max Cremer, Zeitschrift f�r Biologie, Vol. 47 (New Ser. Vol. 29), pp 562-608, 1906.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-94-Cremer.pdf)

• �ber elektrische Phasengrenzkr�fte
  Fritz Haber and Z. Klemensiewicz, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, St�chiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre, Vol. 67, pp 385-431, 1909.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-65-Haber.pdf)

The discovery of (non-glass) �ion-selective electrodes� by Haber (1918 Nobel Prize Awardee)

• �ber feste Elektrolyte, ihre Zersetzung durch den Strom und ihr elektromotorisches Verhalten in galvanishen Ketten (download (large file, loads slowly)   or   read online)
  Fritz Haber, Annalen der Physik, Vol. 331 (Ser. 4, Vol. 26), pp 927-973, 1908.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-105-Haber-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15332t/f951.image.langEN
  

The establishment of �pH scale as a measure of acidity� by S�rensen

• Enzymstudien II. �ber die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionen-konzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen
  S�ren Peter Lauritz S�rensen, Biochemische Zeitschrift, Vol. 21, pp 131-200, 1909.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-55-Sorensen-1.pdf)
  A partial English translation is also available (http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Sorenson-article.html)

The first extension of �Helmholtz model of double layer� to metallic electrodes, and the introduction of the concept of the �diffuse layer� by Gouy and Chapman. It was based on the same premises as the Debye-H�ckel theory, which it preceded by more than ten years

• Sur la constitution de la charge �lectrique � la surface d'un �lectrolyte (download   or   read online)
  Louis Georges Gouy, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s�ances de l'Acad�mie des sciences, Paris, Vol. 149, pp 654-657, 1909.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-49-Gouy-2-dl.pdf
  http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3103r.image.r=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l.f654.langEN)

• Sur la constitution de la charge �lectrique � la surface d'un �lectrolyte
  Louis Georges Gouy, Journal de Physique Th�orique et Appliqu�e, Ser. 4, Vol. 9, pp 457-468, 1910.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-21-Gouy-1.pdf)

• A Contribution to the Theory of Electrocapillarity
  David Leonard Chapman, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 6, Vol. 25, pp 475-481, 1913.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-25-Chapman.pdf)

The discovery of �membrane equilibrium potential� by Donnan

• Theorie der Membrangleichgewichte und Membranpotentiale bei Vorhandensein von nicht Dialysierenden Elektrolyten ein Beitrag zur Physikalisch-Chemischen Physiologie
  Frederick George Donnan, Zeitschrift f�r Elektrochemie and angewandte physikalische Chemie, Vol. 17, pp 572-581, 1911.
  (http:/estir/hist/ hist-92-Donnan-2.pdf)

• The theory of membrane equilibria
  Frederick George Donnan, Chemical Reviews, Vol. 1, pp 73-90, 1924.
  (http:/estir/hist/ hist-68-Donnan-1.pdf)

The first observation and suggested explanation of the phenomenon of �under-potential deposition� by Hevesy, by Haissinsky, and by Rogers and coworkers

• Radioaktive Methoden in der Elektrochemie
  G. von Hevesy, Physikalische Zeitschrift, Vol. 13, pp 715-719, 1912.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-122-Hevesy.pdf)

• M�canisme des D�pots �lectrolytiques et Exp�riences avec les Radio�l�ments
  M. Haissinsky, Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-chimie Biologique, Vol. 43, pp 21-29, 1946.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-123-Haissinsky.pdf)

• The Electrodeposition Behavior of Traces of Silver
  L. B. Rogers, D. P. Krause, J. C. Griess, and D. B. Ehrlinger, Transactions of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 95, pp 33-46, 1949.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-121-Rogers.pdf)

The definition of �ionic strength� by Lewis and Randall

• The Activity Coefficient of Strong Electrolytes
  Gilbert Newton Lewis and Merle Randall, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 43, pp 1112-1154, 1921.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-90-Lewis.pdf)

The invention of �polarography� by Heyrovsk�, for which he was awarded the 1959 Nobel Prize

• Elektrolysa se rtufovou kapkovuo kathodou
  Jaroslav Heyrovsk�, Chemick� Listy, Vol. 16, pp 256-264, 1922.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-22-Heyrovsky-1.pdf)

• Electrolysis with a Dropping Mercury Catode. Part I. Deposition of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
  Jaroslav Heyrovsk�, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Ser. 6, Vol. 45, pp 303-315, 1923.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-23-Heyrovsky-2.pdf)

• Researches with the Dropping Mercury Cathode (large file, loads slowly)
  Part I. General Introduction, Part II. The Polarograph, Part III. A Theory of Over-potential
  Jaroslav Heyrovsk� (and Masuzo Shikata, Part II), Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, Vol. 44 (Ser. 4, Vol. 6), pp 488-495, 496-498, and 499-502, 1925.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-93-Heyrovsky-3.pdf)

The invention of �electronic pH meter� by Goode and successful commercialization by Beckman

• A continuous-reading electrotitration apparatus
  Kenneth H. Goode, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 44, pp 26�29, 1922.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-71-Goode-1.pdf)

• An improved, continuous-reading hydrogen-ion meter
  Kenneth H. Goode, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 47, pp 2483�2488, 1925.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-72-Goode-2.pdf)

• Electric meter
  Kenneth H. Goode, US Patent, No. 1,843,320, 1932.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-73-Goode-3.pdf)

• Apparatus for testing acidity
  Arnold Orville Beckman and Henry E. Fracker, US Patent, No. 2,058,761, 1936.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-69-Beckman.pdf)

The "Debye-H�ckel" theory of electrolyte solutions

• Zur Theorie der Elektrolyte. I. Gefrierpunktserniedrigung und verwandte Erscheinungen (large file, loads slowly)
  Peter Joseph William Debye and Erich Armand Arthur Joseph H�ckel, Physikalische Zeitschrift, Vol. 24, pp 185-206, 1923.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-12-Debye-1.pdf)
  A partial English translation is also available (http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Debye-Strong-Electrolyte.html)

The �Stern modification� of Gouy-Chapman model of the double layer

• Zur Theorie der Elektrolytischen Doppelschicht
  Otto Stern, Zeitschrift f�r Elektrochemie and angewandte physikalische Chemie, Vol. 30, pp 508-516, 1924.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-81-OStern.pdf)

The �Butler-Volmer equation� of electrode kinetics

• Studies in Heterogeneous Equilibria. Part II. The Kinetic Interpretation of the Nernst Theory of Electromotive Force
  John Alfred Valentine Butler, Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 19, pp 729-733, 1924.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-32-Butler-1.pdf)

• Studies in Heterogeneous Equilibria. Part III. A Kinetic Theory Of Reversible Oxidation Potentials At Inert Electrodes.
  John Alfred Valentine Butler, Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 19, pp 734-739, 1924.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-70-Butler-3.pdf)

• Zur Theorie der Wasserstoff�berspannung
  Tibor Erdey-Gr�z and Max Volmer, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, Abteilung A, Chemische Thermodynamik, Kinetik, Elektrochemie, Eigenschaftslehre, Vol. 150A, pp 203-213, 1930.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-34-Volmer-1.pdf)

• Zur Frage der elektrolytischen Metall�berspannung
  Tibor Erdey-Gr�z and Max Volmer, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, Abteilung A, Chemische Thermodynamik, Kinetik, Elektrochemie, Eigenschaftslehre, Vol. 157A, pp 165-181, 1931.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-77-Volmer-2.pdf)

• Zur Frage der Wasserstoff�berspannung
  Tibor Erdey-Gr�z and H. Wick, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, Abteilung A, Chemische Thermodynamik, Kinetik, Elektrochemie, Eigenschaftslehre, Vol. 162A, pp 53-62, 1932.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-35-Erdey.pdf)

• The Mechanism of Overvoltage and its Relation to the Combination of Hydrogen Atoms at Metal Electrodes
  John Alfred Valentine Butler, Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 28, pp 379-382, 1932.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-33-Butler-2.pdf)

The first �quantum mechanical� treatment of electrode reactions by Gurney

• The Quantum Mechanics of Electrolysis
  Ronald Wilfrid Gurney, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 134A, pp 137-154, 1931.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-76-Gurney.pdf)

The discovery of �influence of the electrical double layer� on the kinetics of electrode reactions by Frumkin

• Wasserstoff�berspannung und Struktur der Doppelschicht
  Alexander Naumovich Frumkin, Zeitschrift f�r physikalische Chemie, Abteilung A, Chemische Thermodynamik, Kinetik, Elektrochemie, Eigenschaftslehre, Vol. 164A, pp 121-133, 1933.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-82-Frumkin.pdf)

The first explanation of the meaning of the �charge transfer coefficient� by Horiuti and Pol�nyi

• Grundlinien einer Theorie der Proton�bertragung
  Juro Horiuti and Mih�ly Pol�nyi, Acta Physicochimica U. R. S. S., Vol. 2, pp 505-532, 1935.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-78-Horiuti.pdf)

The first experimental demonstration of the (non-glass) �ion-selective electrode� by Kolthoff and Sanders

• Electric Potentials at Crystal Surfaces, and at Silver Halide Surfaces in Particular
  Izaak Maurits Kolthoff and H. L. Sanders, The Journal of The American Chemical Society, Vol. 59, pp 416-420, 1937.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-104-Kolthoff.pdf)

The introduction of �E � pH diagrams� by Pourbaix

• Thermodynamique des solutions aqueuses dilu�es (Le pH et le potentiel d'oxydo-r�duction)
  Marcel Jean Nestor Pourbaix, Bulletin de la Soci�t� Chimique de Belgique, Vol. 47, pp XLVIII-L, 1938.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-99-Pourbaix-2.pdf)

• Thermodynamique des solutions aqueuses dilu�es: repr�sentation graphique du r�le du pH et du potentiel (large file, loads slowly)
  Marcel Jean Nestor Pourbaix, Naamlooze Vennootschap W.D. Meinema, Delft, 1945.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-101-Pourbaix-3.pdf)

• Thermodynamics of Dilute Aqueous Solutions with Applications to Electrochemistry and Corrosion (large file, loads slowly)
  Marcel Jean Nestor Pourbaix, Edward Arnold & Co. London, 1949. (An English translation of the above item)
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-97-Pourbaix-1.pdf)

The derivation of �mixed-potential theory� for corroding metals by Wagner and Traud

• �ber die Deutung von Korrosionsvorg�ngen durch �berlagerung von elektrochemischen Teilvorg�ngen und �ber die Potentialbildung an Mischelektroden
  Carl Wagner and Wilhelm Traud, Zeitschrift f�r Elektrochemie and angewandte physikalische Chemie, Vol. 44, pp 391-402, 1938.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-79-Wagner.pdf)

The derivation of hydrodynamics of the �rotating disk electrode� by Levich

• The Theory of Concentration Polarization (large file, loads slowly)
  Veniamin Grigorievich (Benjamin) Levich, Acta Physicochimica U. R. S. S., Vol. 17, pp 257-307, 1942.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-83-Levich.pdf)

The invention of �potentiostat� by Hickling

• Studies in Electrode Polarisation. Part IV.-The Automatic Control of the Potential of a Working Electrode
  Archie Hickling, Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 38, pp 27-33, 1942.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-89-Hickling.pdf)

The first use of �impedance spectroscopy� for the study of kinetics of electrode reactions by Randles

• Kinetics of Rapid Electrode Reactions
  John Edward Brough Randles, Discussions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 1, pp 11-19, 1947.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-124-Randles.pdf)

The first rigorous measurements of �double-layer capacity� and quantitative proof of the double-layer theory by Grahame

• The Electrical Double Layer and the Theory of Electrocapillarity
  David Caldwell Grahame, Chemical Reviews, Vol. 41, pp 441-501, 1947.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-66-Grahame.pdf)

The �Marcus theory� of electron transfer reactions, for which he was awarded the 1992 Nobel Prize

• On the Theory of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Involving Electron Transfer. I
  Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 24, pp 966-978, 1956.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-28-Marcus-1.pdf)

• Chemical and Electrochemical Electron-Transfer Theory
  Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 15, pp 155-196, 1964.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-30-Marcus-3.pdf)

• On the Theory of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. VI. Unified Treatment for Homogeneous and Electrode Reactions
  Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 43, pp 679-701, 1965.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-29-Marcus-2.pdf)

• Electron Transfer at Electrodes and in Solution: Comparison of Theory and Experiment
  Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 13, pp 995-1004, 1968.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-31-Marcus-4.pdf)

The derivation of �electrochemical equation of corrosion� based on the mixed potential theory and the use of the linear polarization resistance by Stern and Geary

• Electrochemical Polarization. I. A Theoretical Analysis of the Shape of the Polarization Curves
  Milton Stern and A. L. Geary, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 104, pp 56-63, 1957.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-75-Stern-1.pdf)

• A Method for Determining Corrosion Rates from Linear Polarization Data
  Milton Stern, Corrosion, Vol. 14, pp 440t-444t, 1958.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-80-Stern-2.pdf)

The discovery and first applications of practical �ion-selective membrane electrodes� by Pungor and coworkers

• �ber die Anwendung von Membranelektroden bei der Untersuchung von Ionenkonzentrationen
  Ern� Pungor and Erzs�bet Holl�s-Rokosinyi, Acta Chimica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 27, pp 63-68, 1961.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-107-Pungor-1.pdf)

• Heterog�n fel�pit�s� szelektiv mebr�nok �s elj�r�s azok el��llit�s�ra
  Ern� Pungor, Jen� Havas, Kl�ra T�th, and G�za Madar�sz, Hungarian Patent, No. 152.106, 1963.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-108-Pungor-2.pdf)

The early beginnings of modern �surface electrochemistry� by using single-crystal electrodes, ultra-high-vacuum experimental techniques, and flame annealing by Gerischer, by Budewski, by Will, by Hubbard, and by Clavilier

• Preparation of Spherical Single Crystal Electrodes for Use in Electrocrystallization Studies
  D. K. Roe and Heinz Gerischer, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 110, pp 350-352, 1963.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-113-Gerischer.pdf)

• Galvanostatische Einschaltkurven an Einkristallelektroden
  Evgeni Budewski and W. Bostanoff, Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 9, pp 477-482, 1964.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-114-Budewski-1.pdf)

• Morphologische Beobachtungen und Polarisationserscheinungen bei der elektrolytischen Kristallisation des Silbers an (111)-Silbereinkristallfl�chen
  Evgeni Budewski, T. Witanov, and W. Bostanov, Physica status solidi, Vol. B8, p 369-376, 1965.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-115-Budewski-2.pdf)

• Keimbildungserscheinungen an versetzungsfreien (100)-fl�chen von Silbereinkristallen
  Evgeni Budewski, W. Bostanoff, T. Witanoff, Z. Stoinoff, A. Kotzewa, and Rostislaw Kaischew, Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 11, pp 1697-1707, 1966.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-116-Budewski-3.pdf)

• Hydrogen Adsorption on Platinum Single Crystal Electrodes: I. Isotherms and Heats of Adsorption
  Fritz G. Will, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 112, pp 451-455, 1965.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-117-Will.pdf)

• Study of platinum electrodes by means of thin layer electrochemistry and low-energy electron diffraction: Part I. Electrode surface structure after exposure to water and aqueous electrolytes
  Roy M. Ishikawa and Arthur T. Hubbard, Journal of electroanalytical chemistry and interfacial electrochemistry, Vol. 69, pp 317�338, 1976.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-118-Hubbard.pdf)

• Preparation of monocrystalline Pt microelectrodes and electrochemical study of the plane surfaces cut in the direction of the {111} and {110} planes
  Jean Clavilier, R. Faure, G. Guinet, and R. Durand, Journal of electroanalytical chemistry and interfacial electrochemistry, Vol. 107, pp 205�209, 1980.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-119-Clavilier-1.pdf)

• The role of anion on the electrochemical behaviour of a {111} platinum surface; an unusual splitting of the voltammogram in the hydrogen region
  Jean Clavilier, Journal of electroanalytical chemistry and interfacial electrochemistry, Vol. 107, pp 211-216, 1980.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-120-Clavilier-2.pdf)

The derivation of the theory of �cyclic voltammetry� by Nicholson and Shain

• Theory of Stationary Electrode Polarography: Single Scan and Cyclic Methods Applied to Reversible, Irreversible, and Kinetic Systems
  Richard S. Nicholson and Irving Shain, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 36, pp 706-723 and 1212, 1964.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-57-Nicholson-1.pdf)

• Theory and Application of Cyclic Voltammetry for Measurement of Electrode Reaction Kinetics
  Richard S. Nicholson, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 37, pp 1351-1355, 1965.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-58-Nicholson-2.pdf)

The modern rediscovery and first practical applications of �conducting polymers� by Heeger, MacDiarmid, and Shirakawa, for which they were awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize

• Electrical Conductivity in Doped Polyacetylene
  Chwan K. Chiang, Curtis Robinson Fincher, Yung Woo Park, Alan Jay Heeger, Hideki Shirakawa, Edwin J. Louis, Shek-Chung Gau, and Alan Graham MacDiarmid, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 39, pp 1098-1101, 1977.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-111-Heeger.pdf)

• Synthesis of Electrically Conducting Organic Polymers: Halogen Derivatives of Polyacetylene, (CH)_x
  Hideki Shirakawa, Edwin J. Louis, Alan Graham MacDiarmid, Chwan K. Chiang, and Alan Jay Heeger, Journal of the Chemical Society. Chemical Communications, pp 578-580, 1977.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-110-Shirakawa.pdf)

• Synthesis of Highly Conducting Films of Derivatives of Polyacetylene, (CH)_x
  Chwan K. Chiang, Mark A. Druy, Shek-Chung Gau, Alan Jay Heeger, Edwin J. Louis, Alan Graham MacDiarmid, Yung Woo Park, and Hideki Shirakawa, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 100, pp 1013-1015, 1978.
  (http:/estir/hist/hist-112-MacDiarmid.pdf)

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